Thu, Apr 8, 2027Spring (Semester 2) · Week 12Day 40 of 6180-min blockCalendar fit

Environmental data lab

Essential question: Who should be held responsible when the air a person breathes depends on which neighborhood they can afford to live in?Enduring understanding: A real exposure measurement only becomes a health risk once you turn it into a dose and compare that dose to a threshold, and some substances build up in the body faster than they leave.

Safety gate · before any work

  • Wear the required PPE, keep the bench clear, handle equipment only as directed, and know where the eyewash, sink, and spill kit are before you start.
  • Human samples and data stay private: label with a code, never a name, and dispose of materials in the correct waste container, then wash your hands.

Do now

Analyze a public environmental dataset to estimate exposure dose and bioaccumulation risk.

DueTonight, 11:29 PM
Hand in
Environmental dataset analysis showing pollutant concentrations, published threshold, dose estimate, threshold comparison, and bioaccumulation flag if applicable.
Where
Turn this in at the drop folder with your district Microsoft sign-in, or hand it to Mr. Mendoza in class. Both count as submitted. Doing the activity in myPLTW does not.

You get two school days for every day you were absent, so this deadline moves with you.

Where you are · this course
Exposure pathways, toxins, dose, pollutants, public health risk. Environmental data lab ▸ Day 3
Day 40 of 61 this semester21 left before WebXam
🧬 Where you are · PLTW
Biomedical InnovationProblem 4: Investigating Environmental Health"Activity 4.1.1 Environmental Exposures", "Activity 4.1.2 Analysis of Water Contamination"
Matched to your live myPLTW course (verified June 2026).
Today's driving question

The dataset lists a pollutant concentration in the air or water, but a number with units is not yet a risk, so how do you turn a concentration into a dose a body actually receives and decide whether that crosses the safe line?

Today you'll be able to

Analyze a public environmental dataset to estimate exposure dose and risk.

You've got it when
  • You compared dataset values to a threshold.
  • You estimated a dose and flagged any concern.
Due today · Data table RequiredEnvironmental dataset analysis showing pollutant concentrations, published threshold, dose estimate, threshold comparison, and flag if applicable.
Do-Now · start these with your notes closed
  1. If two people drink water with the exact same pollutant concentration, could they still receive different doses? Explain in one sentence.
  2. What would you need to know to turn a concentration into an amount that enters a person?
Do this · step by step
numbered so we can always find our place
  1. 1Open the provided air or water quality dataset.
  2. 2Identify the pollutant concentration column and its units.
  3. 3Compare measured values to a published safe threshold.
  4. 4Estimate dose using concentration and assumed intake.
  5. 5Flag any values suggesting over time.
Interrupted or lost? Lost your place? Open the air or water dataset, find the concentration column and its units, compare to the published safe threshold, then estimate dose from concentration and assumed intake. Flag anything that looks like it builds up over time.
Optional project open: Microbiology & the Working Lab - solo or group, about 3 to 4 hours total. Due by Fri, May 28, 2027. Great WebXam prep.
The story

What did this day actually feel like?

Environmental data lab

LAB Real environmental data, multiple sites, comparing against a standard. Some sites exceeded it.

Numbers about places I have been are different from numbers about nowhere.

Turned in: data table → Data Tables folder

Fiction. There is no such student. The lessons, labs and dates are the real planned course; the student, the classmates and the conversations are invented.

The comic

The same day, drawn.

Drawing, panel 54: Environmental data lab.

Real environmental data, multiple sites, comparing against a standard. Some sites exceeded it.

Panel 54Environmental data lab · 2027-04-08
Read week 11, 5 panels

Fiction. There is no such student. The lessons, labs and dates are the real planned course; the student, the classmates and the conversations are invented.

🛠 Get unstuck · pick your level

Run the lab
Run the lab: pull the concentration column, compare it to the safe threshold, estimate dose from concentration and assumed intake, and flag any values that suggest bioaccumulation.
Absent? Async catch-up
Absent? Use the provided sample row: take one concentration, multiply by an assumed daily intake, and state whether it clears or crosses the threshold. That is the whole calculation in miniature.

Lab day: Tier 1 is the whole class at the bench. No extension today.

🔑 Today's words · 5

toxinexposuredosepollutantbioaccumulation
+1 more in the word bank

Tap a word in the lesson for a plain meaning and one example. Recycled into next week's Do-Now.

Today's study notebook
Heavy-metal and environmental exposure: how toxins reach the body and how we measure and reduce risk.
Open the notebook
Watch first: today's 1-minute intro
Audio overviewVideo overviewMind mapStudy guideFlashcardsQuizData table
Where this fits
Tested on (Ohio WebXam)
Biotechnology for Health and Disease · 072125 (likely, pending confirmation)
PLTW lesson
BI · Problem 4: Investigating Environmental Health
WebXam domain
Microbiology Testing and Technology
Evidence to produce
Data table
Lab / skill
EPA: Learn About Environmental Health
Do the work · 80-minute blockfirst 5 min = hook

💡 Big idea: A concentration only becomes a health risk once intake and body weight turn it into a dose, so you compare dose (not concentration) to the safe threshold, and can push a safe-looking level into a dangerous one over time.

  1. 0-5 minWarm-up: what does a parts-per-million concentration mean in practice?
  2. 5-20 minOpen dataset; locate the pollutant concentration column and note units
  3. 20-40 minCompare values to published safe threshold; flag exceedances
  4. 40-60 minEstimate dose using concentration and assumed daily intake
  5. 60-72 minIdentify any time-trend suggesting ; note your reasoning
  6. 72-80 minExit ticket: report average concentration, threshold, and whether dose exceeds it
Mr. Mendoza's 5-minute intro
  • Today we work with the same type of data the EPA uses to set health warnings.
  • You'll open a real public dataset, identify the concentration column, and do a dose calculation.
  • Comparing your number to the safe threshold is how regulators decide when to act.
  • If values are rising over time, that's a signal worth flagging.
Know by the end
  • Dose estimation requires knowing concentration, volume or mass intake, and body weight.
  • A safe threshold is a regulatory limit below which risk is considered acceptable.
  • occurs when a substance accumulates in faster than it is eliminated.
Open this PLTW section today

Exposure pathways, toxins, dose, pollutants, public health risk. · Environmental data lab

Day 3 of this lesson. Open this exact section in myPLTW (find it in Clever, Microsoft sign-in), then do the work below.

Do this: Open Problem 4 in your myPLTW course shell and navigate to the current activity, then analyze a public environmental dataset to estimate exposure dose and compare to a safe threshold.

Complete

Add your data analysis results to the Problem 4 evidence portfolio.

How far to get

The exposure pathway diagram is done; this is a mid-Problem 4 milestone, so check your activity guide and confirm your data analysis is on pace.

Upload as evidence

Screenshot of your dose calculation and threshold comparison attached as evidence.

The official PLTW activity stays inside myPLTW. If myPLTW will not open, use F1 and E1-E3 on this page to complete today's local evidence decision, then make up the official activity when access returns. Turn this in at the drop folder with your district Microsoft sign-in, or hand it to Mr. Mendoza in class. Both count as submitted. Doing the activity in myPLTW does not.

Today's PLTW tracker · fill in and submit

Check things off as you work, then submit. This tells Mr. Mendoza how you're doing so he can help the class. It does not replace turning in your producible through the submission route shown below.

Use the code Mr. Mendoza gave you, not your name. Saved on this device.

Exposure pathways, toxins, dose, pollutants, public health risk.Day 3 of this projectSee the full week plan
Today's PLTW target

Exposure pathways, toxins, dose, pollutants, public health risk. · Environmental data lab

Open Problem 4 in your myPLTW course shell and navigate to the current activity, then analyze a public environmental dataset to estimate exposure dose and compare to a safe threshold.

The exposure pathway diagram is done; this is a mid-Problem 4 milestone, so check your activity guide and confirm your data analysis is on pace.

This is how Mr. Mendoza sees the class keeping pace with PLTW. Be honest, it only helps if it is accurate.

1 · What you do today

🎯 Analyze a public environmental dataset to estimate exposure dose and risk.

  • Open the provided air or water quality dataset.
  • Identify the pollutant concentration column and its units.
  • Compare measured values to a published safe threshold.
  • Estimate dose using concentration and assumed intake.
  • Flag any values suggesting over time.
2 · What you turn in

Data table: Environmental dataset analysis showing pollutant concentrations, published threshold, dose estimate, threshold comparison, and flag if applicable.

Turn this in at the drop folder with your district Microsoft sign-in, or hand it to Mr. Mendoza in class. Both count as submitted. Doing the activity in myPLTW does not. Use the checklist just below and upload by 11:29 PM for full credit. Absent with an excused absence? You get two school days for every day you were absent, so this deadline moves with you.

3 · Who's doing what (team)
TaskWho
Open the provided air or water quality dataset._______
Identify the pollutant concentration column and its units._______
Compare measured values to a published safe threshold._______
Estimate dose using concentration and assumed intake._______
Flag any values suggesting over time._______

Working solo? Put your own name in "Who" for every row.

4 · Words I can use correctly
5 · I'm successful today when I can…
  • You compared dataset values to a threshold.
  • You estimated a dose and flagged any concern.
6 · Reflection & next steps
Where are you today?0/7 checked
Pick your period and code first.
Your 4 steps today
  1. 1
    Do this
    Analyze a public environmental dataset to estimate exposure dose and bioaccumulation risk.
  2. 2
  3. 3
    Submit this
    Data table: Environmental dataset analysis showing pollutant concentrations, published threshold, dose estimate, threshold comparison, and bioaccumulation flag if applicable.
  4. 4
    Submit it here
    1. 1Open the drop folder.
    2. 2Sign in with your district Microsoft account, not a personal one.
    3. 3Upload the file, named Lastname_Firstname__Assignment Title.
    4. 4Your own upload panel says Uploaded with a green check: that is your receipt.
    Turn this in at the drop folder with your district Microsoft sign-in, or hand it to Mr. Mendoza in class. Both count as submitted. Doing the activity in myPLTW does not. Biotechnology for Health (Biomedical Innovations) › Exposure pathways, toxins, dose, pollutants, public health risk. › Data table
    Open the drop folder
Were you absent? Jump to the make-up plan
Learn it · deck, reading, and vocabulary
Socratic teaching slide deck

The deck carries the prior idea forward, lets you inspect an analogy, maps the rule to biology, and ends with the same evidence decision and exit ticket used on this page.

Generated from this lesson's canonical data with a red-team citation check.

Carry forward

Pollution sources were sited by past decisions, so environmental health burdens fall harder on lower-income and marginalized neighborhoods, and exposure data reveals that uneven pattern.

Daily take-home

A concentration only becomes a health risk once intake and body weight turn it into a dose, so you compare dose (not concentration) to the safe threshold, and can push a safe-looking level into a dangerous one over time.

Inspect the analogy

A bridge prototype is tested against a load limit, cost limit, and user need before revision.

  1. Which requirement is a criterion?
  2. Which limit is a constraint?
  3. What test result should trigger a redesign?
Rule

A design improves when evidence is compared with explicit criteria and constraints.

Where it breaks

Biomedical designs also require , ethics, and biological validation beyond a physical prototype test.

Map the analogy to biology
  • Bridge requirements map to design criteria.
  • Load results map to E1-E3.
  • Revision maps to the next evidence-based iteration.
Read this first

Driving question: The dataset lists a pollutant concentration in the air or water, but a number with units is not yet a risk, so how do you turn a concentration into a dose a body actually receives and decide whether that crosses the safe line?

What you already know: Pollution sources were sited by past decisions, so environmental health burdens fall harder on lower-income and marginalized neighborhoods, and exposure data reveals that uneven pattern.

New idea: A concentration only becomes a health risk once intake and body weight turn it into a dose, so you compare dose (not concentration) to the safe threshold, and can push a safe-looking level into a dangerous one over time.

Visual or model: F1. F1. A lesson illustration or teaching diagram for Environmental data lab. Use it with E1-E3; it is a model or context image, not experimental or patient data. What to notice: Trace the labeled system, test, or design relationship and identify which evidence should trigger revision.

  1. Observe or measure the relevant feature in Environmental data lab.
  2. Organize the observation with a stable evidence ID.
  3. Apply this rule: A design improves when evidence is compared with explicit criteria and constraints.
  4. Choose the option the evidence supports and state the limit of the conclusion.

Real biomedical example: An environmental-health claim is defensible only when the graph, comparison, and limitation are cited directly in the reasoning. Source: Khan Academy: Correlation and causality.

What the evidence supports: E1-E3 and F1 support the daily take-home when the response meets the stated success criteria.

What it cannot prove: The package does not support claims beyond this lesson's or any real patient diagnosis.

Vocabulary:
  • : A poisonous substance produced by a living organism, such as bacteria, plants, or animals, that can damage cells or disrupt body functions.
  • exposure: Contact with a substance, agent, or condition that could affect health, such as a chemical, , or environmental factor.
  • dose: The measured amount of a drug or substance given at one time, chosen to be effective while staying safe for the patient.
  • pollutant: A harmful substance released into air, water, or soil that can damage ecosystems and human health.
  • : The gradual buildup of a substance, such as a , inside an organism faster than the body can break it down or remove it.
  • risk: The chance that a harmful event, such as getting a disease, will happen within a given group or time period.

Use it now: Choose one decision option. Cite E1 and E3, then explain how the rule connects the evidence to your choice.

Go further, optional: The source links below are optional enrichment. Every fact required for today's local evidence decision appears in this lesson package.

Evidence set and decision
E1 · Observation

Dose estimation requires knowing concentration, volume or mass intake, and body weight.

Limit: E1 supplies context or an observation; it does not by itself establish the explanation.

E2 · Mechanism

A concentration only becomes a health risk once intake and body weight turn it into a dose, so you compare dose (not concentration) to the safe threshold, and can push a safe-looking level into a dangerous one over time.

Limit: E2 is a teaching statement or comparison and must be checked against the task evidence.

E3 · Result

You compared dataset values to a threshold.

Limit: E3 supports only the result or product criterion named here; it cannot justify a broader clinical or causal claim.

PLTW-BFH-2027-04-08 · Simulated classroom evidence scenario

Your role: biomedical design team member

Decision: Your team must decide what the evidence from Environmental data lab supports before submitting the labeled and result claim named on the lesson page.

  • Proceed because the readiness evidence is complete.
  • Pause and correct the named setup or gap.
  • Repeat the measurement because quality controls are not acceptable.

Response: State one choice, cite at least two evidence IDs, explain the rule that connects them, and add one limitation. Submit it as the labeled and result claim.

Claim ceiling: The supplied lesson evidence can support an observation, pattern, classroom mechanism, or next-step decision about Environmental data lab. It cannot by itself prove causation, establish a real clinical diagnosis, or justify action outside this classroom task.

Math moment
Formula or setup

= final volume / sample volume. New concentration = starting concentration / dilution factor.

Worked parallel example

Mix 1 mL of sample to a final volume of 10 mL. The is 10. A 100 mg/mL starting sample becomes 10 mg/mL.

Units and reasonableness

Use the same volume units before dividing. Concentration keeps its original concentration unit.

Try it with today's data

Apply the same setup to one supplied dilution or dose. Show the factor, new value, units, and a reasonableness check.

Watch the trap

Students often think Students often treat concentration and dose as the same thing, assuming that if a level is 'below the limit' the water or air is automatically safe for everyone.. The trap: Concentration times how much you take in times how long is what determines dose, so a 'safe' concentration can still deliver an unsafe dose to a small child, a heavy drinker, or someone exposed for years. Reading the concentration alone hides who is actually at risk.

Worked example · a parallel case (guides, does not reveal)
Environmental dataset analysis with threshold comparison
Completes: Completes the Problem 4 data lab: a dataset analysis comparing measured pollutant concentrations to a published safe threshold, a dose estimate, and a bioaccumulation flag.

Dataset: city drinking-water lead samples (units: parts per billion, ppb).

Measured values: 8, 12, 15, 22, 9 ppb. Average = 13.2 ppb.

Published threshold: EPA lead action level is 15 ppb.

Comparison: The average (13.2) is below 15 ppb, but two individual samples (15 and 22 ppb) meet or exceed the action level, so some homes are over the limit.

Dose estimate: For a 20 kg child drinking 1 liter/day at 22 ppb: 22 micrograms/L times 1 L = 22 micrograms/day, divided by 20 kg = about 1.1 micrograms per kg per day.

Bioaccumulation flag: Flagged. Lead accumulates in bone over time and is eliminated slowly, so repeated daily intake builds up rather than clearing, which raises long-term risk even at concentrations near the threshold.

SampleLead (ppb)Over 15 ppb action level?
18No
212No
315At limit
422Yes
59No
Water lead samples in ppb with action-level flags; samples 3 and 4 meet or exceed 15 ppb.
Why this matters

This model shows the level of evidence and organization needed to complete: Completes the Problem 4 data lab: a dataset analysis comparing measured pollutant concentrations to a published safe threshold, a dose estimate, and a bioaccumulation flag.

Build yours step by step
  1. Name the variables and include units.
  2. Enter observations without changing the raw values.
  3. Check labels, calculations, and patterns before interpreting the data.
Change it for a new task

Keep the structure. Replace the question, facts, measurements, and evidence. Then recheck units, vocabulary, and whether the conclusion goes beyond the evidence.

Also due today: Submit your completed data table and written conclusion on the class site.

See the full worked example
Portal terms
CER:
Claim, Evidence, Reasoning: make a claim, back it with evidence, explain your reasoning.
SOP:
Standard Operating Procedure, the exact steps to follow (especially in a lab).
Tracker:
Your PLTW progress log where you record completed evidence.
myPLTW:
The PLTW course site where you do the online activities. Find it in Clever with your Microsoft sign-in, right next to Schoology.
This unit's vocabulary

Tap the speaker to hear a term. Add two of these to your notebook glossary with a definition and an example in your own words.

Build your vocabulary · optional, for extra credit

Pick just 2 or 3 words from today and make them yours: write what each one means in your own words, name the context clue or evidence that helped, then give one example from what you actually did in Environmental data lab. Try your own words first; the glossary is there if you get stuck. This is voluntary and counts as extra credit, so keep it short.

toxin
exposure
dose
pollutant
bioaccumulation
risk

Saved on this device. Show Mr. Mendoza or add these to your notebook glossary to claim the extra credit.

Teacher-posted resources

Classroom documents for this lesson are posted in Schoology. Open Clever, then Schoology, and find each one by the name shown on its card.

Use during lessonFor: Everyone
BI Activity 4.1.3 Testing the Waters Lab
worksheet/handoutPosted in Schoology
Open in Schoology

Open this when the class reaches this activity and use it to complete the required lesson artifact.

Placement rationale

Matched Environmental exposure and community health by path:Biomedical-Innovations/Problem-4_Environmental-Health/4.1_Environmental-Health; keywords:environmental, water quality. Score 142. Visibility: student-schoology (student-facing resource; link through Schoology rather than local path).

Catch-up / reteachFor: Need extra support
BI 4.1.1 Tox Town Concept Map (Williams Family)
worksheet/handoutPosted in Schoology
Open in Schoology

Use this if you were absent, got stuck, or need another pass before you submit the lesson artifact.

Placement rationale

Matched Environmental exposure and community health by path:Biomedical-Innovations/Problem-4_Environmental-Health/4.1_Environmental-Health; keywords:environmental, exposure. Score 138. Visibility: student-schoology (student-facing resource; link through Schoology rather than local path).

Use during lessonFor: Everyone
BI Activity 4.1.1 Environmental Exposures
worksheet/handoutPosted in Schoology
Open in Schoology

Open this when the class reaches this activity and use it to complete the required lesson artifact.

Placement rationale

Matched Environmental exposure and community health by path:Biomedical-Innovations/Problem-4_Environmental-Health/4.1_Environmental-Health; keywords:environmental. Score 134. Visibility: student-schoology (student-facing resource; link through Schoology rather than local path).

How to get there: open Clever and sign in with your Microsoft (district) account. Both myPLTW and Schoology are in Clever. Do the activity in myPLTW. Turn the work in on this site or hand it to Mr. Mendoza, because that is the step that counts as submitted. Schoology only shows your report-card grade later.

Check yourself · commit, then reveal

Claim ceiling for this check: The supplied lesson evidence can support an observation, pattern, classroom mechanism, or next-step decision about Environmental data lab. It cannot by itself prove causation, establish a real clinical diagnosis, or justify action outside this classroom task.

Quick self-check · commit, then reveal

A chemical's measured concentration in a lake is below the safety threshold, yet fish in that lake are unsafe to eat. Give one reason this can happen.

How sure are you?

Write an answer and pick a confidence to unlock the key.

Cumulative WebXam review · flash practice

Fast retrieval with instant answers, not the commit-then-reveal check above. Try each from memory first: write what you remember about the earlier units, then check yourself here.

Tap an answer to check it · nothing is recorded or graded
[Review: Reading the body's data: study types, sample size, and the t-test] What is the purpose of an experiment measuring blood glucose after giving a drug or a placebo?
[Review: Making the call: bias, error, graph choice, and a CER conclusion] An SDS lists a corrosive pictogram and the statement “causes severe skin burns,” but the PPE section says no gloves are required. Why is this incorrect?
[Review: Validating Your Prototype: literature review, decision matrices, and metrics] A team uses a decision matrix to choose among prototype designs. What is the main purpose of this tool?
A toxin becomes more concentrated in the tissues of animals at higher levels of a food chain. This process is called:
Go further and get help
Lab · prepare, conduct, complete
1Prepare
Pre-lab pass · clear all six to go to the bench
0/6

I can name the procedure's purpose and the evidence I will record. I can identify each named hazard and the control that reduces it: Wear the required PPE, keep the bench clear, handle equipment only as directed, and know where the eyewash, sink, and spill kit are before you start. My data table is ready before materials are handled.

Finish the checklist before you handle any material.

Bring / set up
Computer with internet accessPrinted or digital environmental datasetDesign notebookGraph paper or spreadsheetCalculatorColored pencils for pathway diagram
Safety · specific to today's hazards
  • Wear the required PPE, keep the bench clear, handle equipment only as directed, and know where the eyewash, sink, and spill kit are before you start.
  • Human samples and data stay private: label with a code, never a name, and dispose of materials in the correct waste container, then wash your hands.
Review Lab Safety (rules, PPE, SDS, emergencies) and check your contract + test
2Conduct (Argument-Driven Inquiry)
  1. 1Before materials are handled, identify the purpose, variables or comparison, controls, measurement units, and stop-work condition.
  2. 2Open the provided air or water quality dataset.
  3. 3Identify the pollutant concentration column and its units.
  4. 4Compare measured values to a published safe threshold.
  5. 5Estimate dose using concentration and assumed intake.
  6. 6Flag any values suggesting bioaccumulation over time.
  7. 7Record each result in the prepared table before interpreting it. Mark missing, repeated, or invalid results truthfully.
  8. 8Complete the named cleanup and waste route, remove PPE safely, wash hands when required, and confirm the station is ready for the next group.
Prepare this data table before materials are handled
Trial or sample IDIndependent conditionMeasured result with unitsObservation before interpretationQuality-control note
     
     
     
EPA: Learn About Environmental Health
3Complete
Argue from your evidence, then compare what you predicted to what happened. Error analysis names a specific method limit, never "human error".
You predicted

Before the procedure, predict the result and cite the rule behind the prediction.

What actually happened

After the procedure, compare the result with the prediction and name one limitation or source of uncertainty.

Your lab report is graded on the rubric below, with extra weight on error analysis and method.
Where this leads: careers
What to do if you were absent
Today was a lab: do this instead

Download the assigned EPA public dataset, compute the average pollutant concentration, and write whether it exceeds the safe limit.

EPA outdoor air quality data

Then submit your Data table. Turn this in at the drop folder with your district Microsoft sign-in, or hand it to Mr. Mendoza in class. Both count as submitted. Doing the activity in myPLTW does not.

If MR. MENDOZA is absent

Class still runs. Complete the online activity above (it's self-guided). Need the concept taught without a teacher? Use this authoritative explainer:

EPA: Learn About Environmental Health
Optional extra credit (async)

You've passed Unit 2, so the optional extra-credit track is open. Complete reserved-unit work from home, including virtual labs, for extra credit. Each item shows its correct submission route.

Open the extra-credit track
How this is graded
For: Data table: Environmental dataset analysis showing pollutant concentrations, published threshold, dose estimate, threshold comparison, and bioaccumulation flag if applicable.
  • Complete
    Every required part of the artifact is present, nothing left blank.
  • Accurate
    The science and the data are correct and match the evidence.
  • Scientific reasoning
    You explain your claim with evidence and reasoning (CER), not just an answer.
  • Professional communication
    Clear, organized, labeled, and written the way a clinician or scientist would.
  • Submitted
    Turned in the right way, on the class site or handed to Mr. Mendoza in class, and confirmed. Not in Schoology: that is where the report-card grade appears later.
  • Error analysis and method · counts double
    Name a specific limit of the method and how it moved your result, and compare what you predicted to what happened. "Human error" does not count; say what about the procedure or instrument caused it.