Principles of Biomedical Technology (PBT)

The comic

What We Hope The Year Will Be Like

Principles of Biomedical Science · 82 panels · the same year, drawn

Or read the whole year in one scroll

82 panels · about 44 screens · it starts below

Week 1 · Orientation

AUGUST 24 TO 31

Read this week
Drawing, panel 1: Welcome.

First day. No syllabus. Just one question on the board, and the news that we were going to spend a semester answering it ourselves.

MR. MENDOZA

How do we know what we know about the body, disease, and death?

Panel 1Welcome · 2026-08-24
Drawing, panel 2: The class website.

Logistics day. I was ready to be bored. Then he showed us the exact way to name a file, and said a name the computer can read is the difference between graded now and graded late.

Panel 2The class website · 2026-08-25
Drawing, panel 3: Cornell notes and the 6 Rs.

Cornell notes and the 6 Rs. Record, Reduce, Review, Reflect, Recite, Revise. I had written everything down and still could not say any of it back.

Panel 3Cornell notes and the 6 Rs · 2026-08-27
Drawing, panel 4: Lab safety.

Safety day. The contract needs my signature and yours before I am allowed to touch anything.

MR. MENDOZA

No signature, no lab. That is not a formality.

Panel 4Lab safety · 2026-08-28
Drawing, panel 6: Why I am here.

I want to be a doctor. I have wanted it since I sat in a hospital room for three days understanding nothing anyone said about my grandmother.

Panel 6Why I am here
Drawing, panel 7: Bioethics of evidence.

First real Monday. John Carroll was not here yet, so it was just us and him. Forensic labs have sent innocent people to prison on evidence everyone trusted.

CLASSMATE

A person loads the sample. A person labels it. The machine only answers the question a human asked.

Panel 7Bioethics of evidence · 2026-08-31

Week 2 · The first real week

SEPTEMBER 1 TO 4

Read this week
Drawing, panel 5: WebXam pretest.

The WebXam pretest, in week one, cold. I did badly. Everyone did. That was the point.

MR. MENDOZA

This is not a grade. It is a baseline. In December we compare.

Panel 5WebXam pretest · 2026-09-01
Drawing, panel 8: Lab safety and SDS.

Sixteen sections in a Safety Data Sheet. You do not touch anything in a real lab until you can find the hazards and the first aid.

Panel 8Lab safety and SDS · 2026-09-03
Drawing, panel 9: PPE and notebook practical.

First lab. My partner caught that my hair was not tied back before I reached the open flame station.

PARTNER

Nobody can see their own blind spot. That is why there are two of us.

Panel 9PPE and notebook practical
Drawing, panel 10: Graphing and statistics.

Two data sets, same average, completely different stories. The spread is what gave it away. I had never thought of standard deviation as anything but a formula.

Panel 10Graphing and statistics · 2026-09-04
Drawing, panel 11: Submit launch evidence.

Friday is packet day. I was missing the SDS card. I had done it and never uploaded it. I would not have noticed without the checklist.

Panel 11Submit launch evidence

Week 3 · The scene

SEPTEMBER 8 TO 14

Read this week
Drawing, panel 12: Ethics of the scene.

No school Monday, so the ethics debate moved. When does collecting evidence cross into destroying it? To lift a fiber you have to move the carpet.

Panel 12Ethics of the scene · 2026-09-08
Drawing, panel 13: Documentation and custody.

Photograph, sketch, log, collect. In that order, because every step after the first one changes the room.

MR. MENDOZA

In forensic science, the documentation is the evidence.

Panel 13Documentation and custody · 2026-09-10
Drawing, panel 14: Scene documentation lab.

I was the logger. It sounded like the boring job. Then our photographer shot the whole scene before the scale marker was set, and the sketch did not match.

Panel 14Scene documentation lab · 2026-09-11
Drawing, panel 15: Analyze trace evidence.

We reshot and logged both versions. It cost us the period.

MR. MENDOZA

The fix was not better photography. Three of you worked in parallel and nobody sequenced it.

Panel 15Analyze trace evidence · 2026-09-14
Drawing, panel 16: Chess club.

Chess on Thursday. I lost twice to a sophomore who did not gloat, which somehow made it worse.

CLASSMATE

You are three moves ahead on your own pieces and zero moves ahead on mine.

Panel 16Chess club

Week 4 · Evidence and biomolecules

SEPTEMBER 15 TO 18

Read this week
Drawing, panel 17: Ethics of testing.

Should you run every test a sample allows? Samples are finite. Every test uses some up.

CLASSMATE

Test without a hypothesis and you are fishing. Run enough tests and something comes back positive by luck.

Panel 17Ethics of testing · 2026-09-15
Drawing, panel 18: Biomolecules and design.

myPLTW in the computer lab. The platform work runs alongside everything all semester and nobody reminds you daily.

Panel 18Biomolecules and design
Drawing, panel 19: Biomolecule and tox lab.

Benedict's, iodine, Biuret, Sudan. Four indicators, four colours. The group beside us had a negative control come up positive and had to throw out the whole run.

MR. MENDOZA

Good. You caught it. The dangerous version is the group that never ran a control.

Panel 19Biomolecule and tox lab · 2026-09-17
Drawing, panel 20: Analyze tox results.

The dose makes the poison. Almost anything is harmless at a low enough concentration. I had been sorting chemicals into safe and not safe.

Panel 20Analyze tox results · 2026-09-18
Drawing, panel 21: Submit evidence data.

Limitations are now a required part of everything. Writing down that my control was clean is a sentence that actually means something.

Panel 21Submit evidence data

Week 5 · The morgue

SEPTEMBER 21 TO 25

Read this week
Drawing, panel 22: Ethics of autopsy, John Carroll.

John Carroll started today. They do not argue back and they never tell you when you are right.

FACILITATOR

You said the family decides. Could a family block an autopsy that would reveal a murder?

Panel 22Ethics of autopsy, John Carroll · 2026-09-21
Drawing, panel 23: Body systems and tissues.

Every organ in the body is built from combinations of just four tissue types. That made the whole body feel more knowable than it had an hour earlier.

Panel 23Body systems and tissues · 2026-09-23
Drawing, panel 24: Tissue and heart lab.

I kept driving the objective down past the specimen. Twenty minutes lost because I was too proud to ask.

PARTNER

Focus at low power first. Center it. Then go up.

Panel 24Tissue and heart lab · 2026-09-24
Drawing, panel 25: Analyze histology.

My sketches were rougher than the reference images, and I could not always tell if a difference was real or just my bad drawing. I wrote that down.

Panel 25Analyze histology · 2026-09-25
Drawing, panel 26: Submit morgue evidence.

Four tissue sketches and a heart diagram. Microscopic evidence explaining an organ you can hold.

Panel 26Submit morgue evidence

Week 6 · Open investigation

SEPTEMBER 28 TO OCTOBER 2

Read this week
Drawing, panel 27: Ethics of conclusions.

How much evidence is enough to name a cause of death? Conclude too early and you ruin someone. Never conclude and a family gets no answer.

Panel 27Ethics of conclusions · 2026-09-28
Drawing, panel 28: Synthesize all evidence.

Four evidence streams: the scene, the lab, the suspect, the autopsy. They are not equally reliable and pretending they are is how you get a confident wrong answer.

Panel 28Synthesize all evidence · 2026-09-30
Drawing, panel 29: Build the evidence board.

Best day of the semester. Two of us read the same tissue finding differently, so we drew both on the board with a conflict marker between them.

MR. MENDOZA

Right call. A board that hides a disagreement is lying.

Panel 29Build the evidence board · 2026-10-01
Drawing, panel 30: Write the report CER.

Peer review before submitting.

CLASSMATE

You explained three of your four streams and just listed the fourth.

Panel 30Write the report CER · 2026-10-02
Drawing, panel 31: Submit investigation report.

Six weeks ago I did not know what a CER was. Today I wrote a four-stream investigative argument with a limitations section.

Panel 31Submit investigation report

Week 7 · Clinical communication

OCTOBER 6 TO 8

Read this week
Drawing, panel 32: Ethics of privacy.

Should a doctor ever share patient information without consent? HIPAA protects it, and then public health carves out exceptions. That gap is the whole argument.

Panel 32Ethics of privacy · 2026-10-06
Drawing, panel 33: Vital signs and HIPAA.

Four vital signs, four normal ranges, and one column for how each measurement could go wrong. That last column is what made me think.

Panel 33Vital signs and HIPAA
Drawing, panel 34: Vital signs practical.

Measuring on a person is different from measuring a sample. He could tell I was nervous, and that changed his pulse, which is itself an error worth noting.

Panel 34Vital signs practical · 2026-10-07
Drawing, panel 35: Analyze vital signs.

I could not hear it on the first two tries. I got it on the third and recorded the failed attempts too, because the SOP says document what happened.

Panel 35Analyze vital signs · 2026-10-08
Drawing, panel 36: HOSA meeting.

HOSA on Wednesday. I am looking at medical terminology, partly because the vocabulary is most of what is on the WebXam. Two things at once is the only way I get everything done.

Panel 36HOSA meeting

Week 8 · Clinical data

OCTOBER 12 TO 16

Read this week
Drawing, panel 37: Ethics of monitoring.

Do wearables make us healthier or just more anxious? Most of the room said more data is obviously better. I did not.

ME

A number you cannot act on mostly produces worry. The benefit is the interpretation, and nobody guarantees you that.

Panel 37Ethics of monitoring · 2026-10-12
Drawing, panel 38: Bloodwork and ranges.

The same glucose number is fine or alarming depending on whether the patient just ate. Context is part of the measurement.

Panel 38Bloodwork and ranges · 2026-10-14
Drawing, panel 39: Simulated bloodwork data.

My first time-series graph had uneven spacing on the x-axis, so a steady rise looked like a sudden spike. A visually wrong graph made of correct numbers.

Panel 39Simulated bloodwork data · 2026-10-15
Drawing, panel 40: Analyze chronic trends.

One reading is a snapshot. Only the trend tells you where the patient is heading.

Panel 40Analyze chronic trends · 2026-10-16
Drawing, panel 41: Submit clinical data.

Marking the normal range as a band behind the line makes the graph readable at a glance. I would not have thought of that.

Panel 41Submit clinical data

Week 9 · DNA and protein

OCTOBER 20 TO 22

Read this week
Drawing, panel 42: Ethics of genetic data.

If your DNA reveals a risk, do your relatives have a right to know? A result about me is partly a result about you. Hardest Monday yet.

MR. MENDOZA

An honest unresolved position beats a tidy fake one.

Panel 42Ethics of genetic data · 2026-10-20
Drawing, panel 43: DNA, genes, and protein.

DNA to RNA to protein. I built the mutation plan on paper first, so the lab tomorrow is checking my work instead of guessing.

Panel 43DNA, genes, and protein
Drawing, panel 44: DNA and protein modeling.

I changed one base and the amino acid did not change at all. I thought I had done it wrong. The genetic code is redundant. Some mutations are silent.

Panel 44DNA and protein modeling · 2026-10-21
Drawing, panel 45: Analyze the mutation.

The person next to me changed one base and got a stop codon. Same size change, completely different consequence.

Panel 45Analyze the mutation · 2026-10-22
Drawing, panel 46: Submit DNA evidence.

The central dogma is the spine of everything after this. This is the packet I will come back to.

Panel 46Submit DNA evidence

Week 10 · Genetic risk

OCTOBER 26 TO 28

Read this week
Drawing, panel 47: Genetic testing ethics.

The exit ticket was different. Instead of defending my position I had to write down the strongest argument against it. That is much harder.

Panel 47Genetic testing ethics · 2026-10-26
Drawing, panel 48: Karyotype and inheritance.

Chromosome number, autosomes, sex chromosomes, and what happens when the count is wrong.

Panel 48Karyotype and inheritance
Drawing, panel 49: Karyotype case analysis.

Sorting by size sounds easy. It is not. I misplaced one pair, which shifted two others, and did not notice until my count came out wrong.

Panel 49Karyotype case analysis · 2026-10-27
Drawing, panel 50: Pedigree and risk CER.

First CER where the claim is a number. A Punnett square gives the probability for each pregnancy independently, which is genuinely counterintuitive.

Panel 50Pedigree and risk CER · 2026-10-28
Drawing, panel 51: Submit genetic evidence.

The tracker asks me to rate my own confidence. Doing that honestly is harder than the work.

Panel 51Submit genetic evidence

Week 11 · Diagnostic workup

OCTOBER 29 TO NOVEMBER 4

Read this week
Drawing, panel 52: Workup components.

Out Monday and Tuesday, so three days carried five days of work. Every part of Unit 2 showed up as one process: history, vitals, bloodwork, genetics.

Panel 52Workup components
Drawing, panel 54: Diagnostic disclosure debate.

How much diagnostic uncertainty should a clinician share? Telling someone about a possibility you have not confirmed can cause real harm from a thing that turns out not to exist.

Panel 54Diagnostic disclosure debate · 2026-10-29
Drawing, panel 55: Cleveland Clinic onboarding.

The Cleveland Clinic onboarding is a real process with real paperwork. Background check, modules, health requirements, in order.

Panel 55Cleveland Clinic onboarding
Drawing, panel 53: Clinical diagnosis team project.

We talked over the one person weighting the patient history. He was right. A detail in the history explained the lab value we had been treating as the main finding.

ME

You said that ten minutes ago and I talked over you. Sorry.

Panel 53Clinical diagnosis team project · 2026-11-04

Week 12 · Infection

NOVEMBER 6 TO 13

Read this week
Drawing, panel 56: Hospital infection ethics.

Should hospitals have to publish their infection rates? Best point made in the room all semester came from someone else.

CLASSMATE

If reporting is punished, hospitals test less. Better numbers, worse care.

Panel 56Hospital infection ethics · 2026-11-06
Drawing, panel 57: Chain of infection.

Six links in the chain of infection. You do not have to break all six. Break any one and transmission stops.

Panel 57Chain of infection · 2026-11-10
Drawing, panel 58: Infection-control case.

The weakest link in my scenario was not the dramatic one. It was hand hygiene between two routine tasks.

Panel 58Infection-control case · 2026-11-12
Drawing, panel 59: Infection-control CER.

Wash your hands more is not an argument. Name the mechanism, predict the outcome, admit what you cannot rule out.

Panel 59Infection-control CER · 2026-11-13

Week 13 · Outbreak

NOVEMBER 16 TO 19

Read this week
Drawing, panel 60: Outbreak privacy debate.

Third privacy debate this semester and my position has actually moved. I came in a strict privacy person. I am somewhere less satisfying and more honest now.

Panel 60Outbreak privacy debate · 2026-11-16
Drawing, panel 61: Epidemiology tools.

Incidence is new cases in a period. Prevalence is total cases at a point. I had been using those interchangeably my whole life.

Panel 61Epidemiology tools
Drawing, panel 62: Outbreak data and agent ID lab.

Best lab of the semester. A pile of case records became a curve with a shape, then a map with a cluster, and the two pointed at the same thing.

Panel 62Outbreak data and agent ID lab · 2026-11-18
Drawing, panel 63: Source and agent CER.

Three independent lines converging is what earns the claim. Same idea as the week six debate, arriving nine weeks later as a working method.

Panel 63Source and agent CER · 2026-11-19
Drawing, panel 64: Submit outbreak evidence.

My confidence rating went up, and this is the first time it has been honest rather than optimistic.

Panel 64Submit outbreak evidence
Drawing, panel 65: Research experience.

The research extra credit. A graduate researcher walked us through what she actually does. She let me pipette. I was bad at it. I want to do it again.

RESEARCHER

Most of my week is troubleshooting and rerunning things that did not work.

Panel 65Research experience

Week 14 · Emergency response

NOVEMBER 20 TO 20

Read this week
Drawing, panel 66: Triage ethics debate.

The quietest debate we have had. Not because nobody had opinions, but because everyone understood immediately that both answers are bad.

Panel 66Triage ethics debate · 2026-11-20
Drawing, panel 67: Assessment and drug delivery.

Assess, categorize, stabilize, treat. In that order, because doing them out of order is how people get missed.

Panel 67Assessment and drug delivery

Week 15 · Simulation and surge

NOVEMBER 24 TO DECEMBER 4

Read this week
Drawing, panel 68: Emergency-response simulation.

Multiple patients, a clock, and assigned roles. A second patient's situation changed, two of us went to help, and nobody was assessing the third.

Panel 68Emergency-response simulation · 2026-11-24
Drawing, panel 69: Response analysis CER.

Our timing notes show a ninety second gap where the third patient had nobody.

MR. MENDOZA

You knew the protocol. You abandoned your roles the moment it got stressful.

Panel 69Response analysis CER · 2026-11-30
Drawing, panel 70: Surge resource debate.

The equity version of the triage question, scaled from one room to a whole region. Same structure. I noticed the structure this time.

Panel 70Surge resource debate · 2026-12-01
Drawing, panel 71: Surge and usability.

Public health communication fails when the message is accurate but the delivery is unusable.

Panel 71Surge and usability · 2026-12-02
Drawing, panel 72: Public-health design project.

Our first personas were basically us.

TEAMMATE

Neither of us is an older man with no reliable internet. Half this feature list serves nobody but you.

Panel 72Public-health design project · 2026-12-04

Week 16 · Innovation

DECEMBER 10 TO 11

Read this week
Drawing, panel 73: Design justification and device ethics.

Speed and safety in direct tension. More testing protects people and delays access for people suffering right now.

CLASSMATE

The people harmed by delay are invisible. The ones harmed by a bad device are not.

Panel 73Design justification and device ethics
Drawing, panel 74: Engineering design.

Design is a loop, not a line. A failed prototype is an input rather than an ending.

Panel 74Engineering design
Drawing, panel 75: Device and model testing lab.

Our first build failed on trial one. We had not controlled a variable we did not know was a variable. One trial is a measurement. Three trials are evidence.

Panel 75Device and model testing lab · 2026-12-10
Drawing, panel 76: Prototype evaluation CER.

Ours partly met its goal and failed on one measure. Writing both, with a specific proposed change, is the assignment.

Panel 76Prototype evaluation CER · 2026-12-11
Drawing, panel 77: Submit innovation package.

Model specs, trial data, CER. The honest version is more useful than the flattering one. That is the most repeated idea in this class.

Panel 77Submit innovation package

Week 17 · Capstone

DECEMBER 14 TO 17

Read this week
Drawing, panel 78: Frontier medicine ethics.

The last Monday. John Carroll asked us to name one position we had changed across the semester.

ME

Genetic privacy. I came in certain and I am leaving genuinely unsure. I think that is an improvement.

Panel 78Frontier medicine ethics · 2026-12-14
Drawing, panel 79: Final innovation team project.

We pulled evidence from two prior units and had to reread our own work from September. Our outbreak map turned out to be directly useful.

Panel 79Final innovation team project · 2026-12-17
Drawing, panel 80: Innovation pitch and last day.

Last day. We retook the pretest from August 28. He put both scores side by side.

MR. MENDOZA

The gap between those two numbers is the semester.

Panel 80Innovation pitch and last day
Drawing, panel 81: Then and now.

In August I could not answer my own questions off my own notes. In December I can. That took fifteen minutes a night and nothing heroic.

Panel 81Then and now
Drawing, panel 82: The reason.

I still want to be a doctor. In August that was mostly a feeling. Now I can say why: careful documentation, arguing with people who disagree, admitting what your evidence cannot prove, and starting again when it fails.

Panel 82The reason

Fiction. No real student, family, grade, or conversation appears here. The lessons, labs and dates are the real planned course.