Development to Cancer Post-test

0 of 20 answered

1. Question 1 of 20

   Two skin cells contain the same pigment gene, but only one cell makes the pigment protein. Which explanation is best?

   The two cells must have entirely different chromosome numbers.The active cell absorbed the finished protein from nearby blood.The cells regulate expression of the pigment gene differently.The inactive cell removed the pigment gene from its DNA.
2. Question 2 of 20

   Two developing palates fail to fuse and look similar. In one, a signal is missing. In the other, cells cannot respond to the signal. What follows?

   Two different mechanisms can produce the same visible outcome.The signal must be unrelated because both cases look alike.The visible outcome identifies which molecular step failed.The similar appearance proves both cases have the same mutation.
3. Question 3 of 20

   Cells already committed to cartilage stop migrating when Signal X is removed. A different motility signal restores migration, and the cells still become cartilage. What role did Signal X most likely play?

   It instructed cartilage identity and nothing else.It permanently changed every gene in the cells.It served only as a structural part of the cartilage.It permitted the migration, and did not set cartilage identity.
4. Question 4 of 20

   A cell still contains a working growth-brake gene, but regulatory proteins keep the gene silent. Which statement is most accurate?

   The brake gene is still present but is repressed.The brake gene has become an oncogene.The brake protein must be present at a high level.The cell deleted the brake gene from every chromosome.
5. Question 5 of 20

   One cell line activates a growth pathway. Another loses a stop signal. Both divide too often. Which principle fits best?

   The two cell lines must contain identical mutations.Only the activated growth pathway can produce excess division.Different disrupted pathways can converge on the same outcome.A stop signal and a growth signal are always the same molecule.
6. Question 6 of 20

   What is differentiation?

   A cell replaces its DNA with genes from a nearby tissue.A tissue spreads from its original site to a distant organ.A cell divides without any checkpoint or external signal.A cell develops a specialized identity through gene regulation.
7. Question 7 of 20

   During normal development, cells between forming fingers undergo programmed death. What does this show?

   Programmed death is evidence that the embryo has cancer.Development can sculpt tissue through programmed cell removal.The cells died because every developmental signal failed.Development builds structures only by adding more cells.
8. Question 8 of 20

   Tumor cells reduce adhesion and move through a remodeled extracellular matrix into nearby tissue. What does this evidence support?

   These cells support a claim of local tissue invasion.The cells changed every gene into an oncogene.The cells completed metastasis to a distant organ.The cells formed a benign tumor that cannot invade.
9. Question 9 of 20

   The same signal promotes cell division early in development but promotes differentiation later. Which explanation is best?

   The later cells must no longer contain receptors or genes.The early and late signals cannot be the same molecule.The timing and the cell's context can change the response.A signal has one fixed effect in every cell and at every time.
10. Question 10 of 20

    Which description best defines cancer?

    Any group of cells that divides faster than nearby tissue.Diseases with lost growth control and possible invasion or spread.An inherited condition that always appears in every family member.Any tumor that can be seen in a medical image.
11. Question 11 of 20

    A biopsy shows abnormal cells crossing into nearby tissue. No distant sites were tested. Which conclusion stays within the evidence?

    The cancer has metastasized to every major organ.The tumor is invasive, and metastasis remains unproven.The biopsy proves which treatment will work best.The tumor is benign because no distant tumor was measured.
12. Question 12 of 20

    A targeted drug kills most cells in a tumor, but a small cell group lacks the target and survives. What is the best prediction?

    The surviving cells will automatically become normal tissue.The resistant group of cells may expand after treatment begins.All tumor cells will remain equally sensitive to the drug.The drug will add the missing target to every surviving cell.
13. Question 13 of 20

    A gene-silencing experiment measures tumor-cell growth. Why include cells given a non-targeting RNA?

    To reveal the patient's inherited riskTo control delivery without targeting the geneTo replace all biological replicatesTo prove the treatment will work in every tumor
14. Question 14 of 20

    Only one culture plate shows sudden cloudy growth, including its control wells. What is the best next step?

    Quarantine and test for contaminationCall the cloudiness metastatic tissuePublish the plate as proof of resistanceAverage the cloudy wells with clean plates
15. Question 15 of 20

    Drug Y reduces growth from 0 to 10 micromolar, then harms normal cells above 10 micromolar. What should researchers compare next?

    Whether every tumor cell carries an identical mutationOnly the single highest doseOnly whether the drug changes colorCompare tumor effect with normal-cell toxicity
16. Question 16 of 20

    Edited cells show the intended DNA change and an unexpected change at a second site. What must the report say?

    The second change proves clinical benefit.The edit is perfectly specific and ready for clinical use.The culture now represents every patient.It is an off-target finding that limits safety claims.
17. Question 17 of 20

    A zebrafish mutation changes neural crest migration. Which follow-up best strengthens relevance to humans?

    Assume the fish phenotype is a human diagnosis.Remove all controls from the fish experiment.Test the pathway in a human tissue model.Claim that species differences do not exist.
18. Question 18 of 20

    A result appears only when one analyst uses an undocumented spreadsheet step. What is the main concern?

    The result proves a new cancer type.The undocumented step improves transparency.The analyst no longer needs source data.Reproducibility and data lineage are weak.
19. Question 19 of 20

    A team wants to publish student-level cancer-learning data from minors. What is the correct sequence?

    Publish first, then ask the districtRemove names but keep Student IDs in the appendixGet district and research review before releaseSend raw responses to a public AI tool for analysis
20. Question 20 of 20

    A combination blocks a growth signal and a backup survival signal. What result would best support further study?

    Added tumor effect with acceptable harmA claim that resistance can never occurAny effect in one well without a controlHigher toxicity with no tumor benefit