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Human Anatomy & Physiology (Human Body Systems): Learning Centers
48 centers · 5 units
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Using directional and regional termsPlace body structures using the standard direction words anatomists agree on, from anatomical position.Applying PPE and reading an SDSChoose the right personal protective equipment and find safety facts on a Safety Data Sheet before a lab.Using measurement normsRecord body data in SI units with correct significant figures and read it against a baseline to judge homeostasis.
Unit 1
Apply body planes and cavitiesSlice the body along the three anatomical planes and place a structure in the dorsal or ventral cavity.Classify tissue typesSort a structure into one of the four primary tissue types by what its job is.Map anatomy on a patient caseCombine directional terms and planes to pinpoint where a structure is on a real patient.Relate bone structure to functionConnect the two kinds of bone tissue (compact and spongy) to the jobs each one does in the body.Analyze a fractureName a broken bone by the pattern of the break and connect it to how bones and joints move.Explain bone remodelingExplain how two kinds of bone cells constantly build and break down bone to keep the skeleton healthy.Model the sliding-filament mechanismExplain how myosin pulls actin so a sarcomere shortens: without the filaments themselves getting shorter.Identify origin and insertionTell a muscle's origin (on the bone that stays put) from its insertion (on the bone that moves).Explain leverage and movementTreat bones as levers and joints as fulcrums to explain how muscles move the body.Collect EMG/ROM sensor dataUse sensors to record a muscle's electrical signal (EMG) and read clean motion data.Quantify muscle fatigueUse force or EMG data to show that a muscle's output declines as it tires.Test joint range of motionMeasure how far a joint moves, in degrees, using a goniometer.Build a rehabilitation planSet measurable recovery goals and load an injured tissue gradually so it gets stronger without re-injury.Interpret patient-portal dataRead a patient's progress data over time and judge whether recovery is improving, flat, or getting worse.Select assistive devicesMatch the right assistive device: crutch, brace, or cane: to a patient's specific limitation.
Unit 2
Trace a neural signal through a neuronFollow a message from one neuron's dendrite to the next across a synapse, naming where it is electrical and where it is chemical.Identify the major brain structuresLocate the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem and match each to the kind of job it does.Relate structure to function in the nervous systemUse the layout of the nervous system: CNS versus PNS, and a neuron's shape: to explain why each part can do its job.Map a reflex arcTrace a reflex from the stimulus through receptor, neurons, and spinal cord to the response: and explain why it skips the brain.Measure reaction timeUse ruler-drop trial data to compare reaction times and read the trend: remembering that a faster reaction means a shorter time.Explain drug effects on signalingPredict how a drug changes a synapse: an agonist boosts the signal, an antagonist blocks it: and how myelin speeds the signal along.Diagram a negative feedback loopLabel the setpoint, sensor, control center, and effector and show how a negative feedback loop opposes a change to hold homeostasis.Relate hormones to their glands and target organsTrace each hormone from the gland that makes it to the target organ it acts on.Model blood glucose regulationUse insulin and glucagon to model how the body lowers and raises blood glucose to hold it near the setpoint.Design a model-organism studyChoose and justify a model organism, then plan a study that can actually be run on it.Control variablesChange one thing on purpose, hold everything else steady, and keep a group that gets no change.Read scientific literatureFind the claim, find the evidence, and judge how strong the study really is.Run an open investigationTurn a real problem into a testable question, a plan, and a hypothesis you can actually check.Build data tables and graphsOrganize measurements into a labeled table, then pick and label the graph that fits the data.State limitationsName what could weaken a result: small sample size, measurement error, and confounders: and what the data still can't show.
Unit 3
Trace blood through the heartFollow one drop of blood through the four chambers and valves, separating the lung loop from the body loop.Interpret an EKGRead the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave on an EKG and connect each one to an electrical event in the heart.Relate vessels to functionConnect the structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries to the job each one does in circulation.Measure lung volumes (spirometry)Read a spirometer's volumes and add the right ones together to find a person's vital capacity.Explain gas exchangeExplain how oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the alveolus by diffusion, from high concentration to low.Clear a client for activityUse a client's oxygen saturation to decide whether it is safe to clear them for hard activity.Model innate vs. adaptive immunitySort the body's defenses into the fast, non-specific first line (innate) and the slower, specific line that remembers (adaptive).Explain the antigen-antibody responseShow how a B cell makes an antibody that binds one specific antigen like a lock and key.Relate skin and lymph to defenseConnect the skin's barrier role and the lymph nodes' filtering role to the body's defense system.Running and reading a plaque assayCount clear plaques to measure how many infectious virus particles are in a sample (titer in PFU/mL).Assessing pathogen riskEstimate risk by combining how likely an infection is (likelihood) with how bad it would be (severity).Planning risk mitigationChoose barriers, PPE, vaccination, and sanitation that lower a pathogen's likelihood or severity to reduce overall risk.
Unit 4
Model nephron filtrationTrace blood through one nephron: what gets filtered at the glomerulus, what is reabsorbed by the tubule, and what becomes urine.Interpret a urinalysis resultRead a urinalysis (or protein electrophoresis) value against its normal range to decide whether a result is healthy or signals a problem.Explain enzyme and microbiome roles in digestionMatch each digestive enzyme to the food it breaks down and explain how the gut microbiome helps digestion and makes some vitamins.