Lung volumes: calculate, then explain

John Hay Biomedical | Human Body Systems | Original simulated practice | Review candidate

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How much air can move, and how much stays behind? First, calculate with the supplied records. Next, explain what the comparison shows. Use this packet, paper or a document, and a calculator. No equipment or personal health information is needed for this practice.

This original practice supports PLTW HBS Activity 3.1.6, A Little TLC. Its numbers were created for this exercise. They are not student measurements, real patient records, normal ranges or the official PLTW case. Spirometer work is optional enrichment. Do it only if Mr. Mendoza provides the equipment, directions and supervision. It is not needed for either dated submission.

Reference R: the words and rules

Volume means the amount of space something occupies. Here, air volume is recorded in liters (L). A capacity combines two or more lung volumes.

Figure F1: how the parts fit

TV + IRV + ERV = VC

VC + RV = TLC

This original text model groups the volumes. Notice that RV belongs in TLC but not VC. The model shows how quantities combine, not lung shape or a breathing trace.

Think of three bins that can be emptied and one reserve bin that stays filled. The emptied bins model VC. All four model TLC. Lungs do not contain separate bins; this analogy only tracks amounts.

Air moves when breathing muscles change chest volume and pressure. A spirometer measures air moving in or out. RV stays inside after a full exhale and is not measured by spirometry. In this packet, RV is a stated assumption used for arithmetic, not a measured result.

Model M: one worked example

Use this example to learn the steps. Use Records E1 and E2 for your own work.

1. Write the rule: VC = TV + IRV + ERV.
2. Put in the values: VC = 0.4 + 2.0 + 0.8 = 3.2 L.
3. Write the second rule: TLC = VC + RV.
4. Put in the values: TLC = 3.2 + 1.0 = 4.2 L.

These totals describe Model M. They do not tell us whether a person is healthy.

Try the rule: If Model M's IRV rises by 0.2 L while all other values stay the same, how would VC change? Explain without starting the whole calculation again.

Records E1 and E2: your simulated inputs

Copy these values exactly. All entries use liters. E1 and E2 are separate original classroom models, not two tests on one person.

Record E3: what is and is not supplied

Only the volumes above and the rules in Reference R are supplied. There are no breathing-time measurements, medical histories, reference ranges, oxygen measurements or images of air sacs. You may compare the calculated capacities. You cannot use this packet to rank health or fitness or to identify a disease.

Day 1: build your calculation record

I want you to show where each total came from. Keep your own record even if you discuss the steps with a partner.

1. Read Reference R and Figure F1. Study Model M, then answer its Try the rule question.
2. Copy E1 and E2 into your notes. Mark each RV value assumed, not measured.
3. Complete all four rows below. Write the formula, the substituted values, the total and L.
4. Answer the two check questions. Save the table and answers as one PDF. Check that each page is readable.

Model M change prediction and reason: ____________________________________

Check 1: Which supplied quantity is excluded from VC? Explain why.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Check 2: What did you calculate using an assumed value? Explain why that result is not a direct measurement.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Turn in: your Model M prediction, the four calculation rows and both check answers. Use Wk15 Data table: Spirometry lab in your own Schoology section. Follow its posted due date. Keep the same record for Day 2. If I already accepted equivalent work, do not submit it again.

Need a smaller first step? Start with Model A's VC row. Copy the first formula from F1. Put the three matching E1 values under it. Add them and write L. RV is used in the next row.

Check the rule, then return to your product

RV self-check: In a separate model, only RV rises by 0.2 L; TV, IRV and ERV stay fixed. Which capacity changes? Explain before checking. Check: TLC rises by 0.2 L; VC stays fixed because its rule excludes RV.

Extension: Predict what happens to VC and TLC if only IRV rises by 0.2 L. Explain the rule without redoing every sum. Keep the other inputs fixed.

Recovery: Start with one VC row, check it against the rule, then add the assumed RV for TLC. Return to all four rows, the Model M prediction and both checks for Day 1. For Day 2, retain all four corrected rows, the difference and the complete comparison paragraph.

Sources and official activity

OpenStax: The Process of Breathing supports the definitions and capacity relationships. MedlinePlus: Lung Function Tests explains the different tests. Checked September 5, 2026. These links are optional; the required rules are printed in this packet.

For the official PLTW activity, open PLTW Student Handouts and Daily Directions (HBS) in your Schoology section: HBS 1292 or HBS 6792. Look for 3.1.6 A Little TLC. Use the supplied records for these two dated assignments. Separate case or physical work is required only if Mr. Mendoza assigns it later.

Dated preparation and actual-work status

The supplied E1 and E2 records are the required classwork for April 27 and 28. Use the packet to calculate the totals, then explain the comparison.

Spirometer work is optional enrichment. Do it only if Mr. Mendoza provides the equipment, directions and supervision. It is not needed for either dated submission.

The records are invented classroom models, not your measurements. Keep every supplied value and label RV as assumed. Do not add personal health information.

On April 27, submit the prediction, four calculation rows and two checks. On April 28, submit your comparison paragraph with the corrected table. Use the named Schoology assignment for each date and its posted deadline.

The optional spirometer activity uses its own teacher-provided records and directions. Keep those separate from E1 and E2. Do not replace the packet values with measurements or another activity's reference values.

If an optional activity is offered, wait for your teacher to check the equipment and explain participation. You can complete both required lessons with the supplied records alone.

Separate PLTW case materials are needed only if your teacher assigns another task. The supplied models do not identify a disease or answer questions about an actual person.

Use Reference R, F1 and E3 to check your reasoning. A larger calculated volume does not establish better health, fitness or air-sac structure.

If you missed April 27, reopen Model M and ask Mr. Mendoza to help you plan the calculation catch-up before writing the comparison. Do not claim you finished earlier work that you have not done.

Save your own work. If Schoology will not open or an upload fails, keep the file and tell Mr. Mendoza. Check the uploaded preview before marking the assignment submitted.

Use the four record-check rows below to note what you used and what you still need. Mark equipment and separate case work not required for these paper lessons. Record an upload only after it works. Keep this check with the same dated PDF; do not make another submission.

Model N/P: a different worked comparison

Model N and Model P are a separate invented comparison, not E1 or E2. N has TV 0.5 L, IRV 1.8 L and ERV 0.7 L; VC = 0.5 + 1.8 + 0.7 = 3.0 L. P has TV 0.5 L, IRV 2.1 L and ERV 1.0 L; VC = 0.5 + 2.1 + 1.0 = 3.6 L. Difference = 3.6 - 3.0 = 0.6 L. No RV or TLC value is supplied for N or P. Worked paragraph: Model P has the larger calculated VC. Its 3.6 L exceeds Model N’s 3.0 L by 0.6 L. The VC rule adds TV, IRV and ERV; TV is equal, while P’s IRV and ERV each add 0.3 L more. Thus P’s model represents 0.6 L more movable air between a full inhale and full exhale. This invented comparison supplies no health, fitness, disease or air-sac evidence. Apply this paragraph structure to E1 and E2 using your corrected table, not the N/P answers.

Day 2: explain the comparison

Use yesterday's table to answer: Which model has the larger calculated VC, and what does that tell us? A claim is your answer. Evidence is the exact information supporting it. Reasoning explains how the evidence supports the answer.

1. Recheck the two VC calculations against Reference R. If you find an error, revise the row and keep the correction visible.
2. Name the model with the larger VC. Subtract the smaller VC from the larger VC and record the difference in liters.
3. Write one paragraph using the five prompts below. Use E1 and E2 for the comparison and E3 for its limit.
4. Check your paragraph, then save it with the corrected calculation table as one PDF. Submit it to your section's Day 2 assignment.

Use these prompts as an outline, not five additional assignments. Do not infer the size or number of air sacs from a volume total.

Turn in: one paragraph and your corrected table in Wk15 CER: Spirometry data CER analysis. Follow the posted due date. If upload fails, save your work and tell me; continue the work.

Find your own section

PDF upload help. Next, use the same habit in other body systems: name the quantity, show how it was obtained and explain what it means.

Day 1 / Tuesday April 27: 80-minute work sequence

• 0-10 min: Read the definitions and predict which air counts
• 10-25 min: Study Model M and answer its change question
• 25-45 min: Calculate from E1 and E2
• 45-65 min: Explain the RV assumption and check the four rows
• 65-80 min: Submit the PDF and keep the table for tomorrow

Six guided-note prompts

• RECORD: the parts: Use Reference R to define TV, IRV, ERV and RV. Which air remains after a full exhale?
• REDUCE: the rule: Copy the two formulas from F1. Explain why only one includes RV.
• REVIEW: Model M: Follow the worked calculation in the packet. Predict what happens if only IRV rises by 0.2 L.
• RECORD: the evidence: Use E1 and E2 to complete the four calculation rows in the packet. Keep liters and the RV assumption visible.
• REFLECT: the limit: Use E3 to explain why a difference between the models does not prove a health result.
• REVISE: the product: Follow today's four steps. Save one PDF with every required part and check the uploaded preview in your own section.

Day 2 / Wednesday April 28: 80-minute work sequence

• 0-15 min: Check yesterday's table and make corrections visible
• 15-30 min: Calculate the difference between models
• 30-50 min: Draft one paragraph using the five prompts
• 50-65 min: Check the reasoning and evidence limit
• 65-80 min: Revise, submit and explain assumed versus measured values